Occupational Records

If our aim is to portray a rounded picture of the lives of our ancestors, then researching occupational records is a must.  

You may find records relating to an ancestor's working life in your local archive centre, though a lot does depend on the particular type of employment.  Here are some examples from England and Scotland  that I have come across in the course of my research. :

ARCHITECTS - A Dictionary of Scottish Architects is  a database providing detailed biographical information and job lists for all architects known to have worked in Scotland during the period 1840-1980, whether as principals, assistants or apprentices.  A "must consult" item if this is your ancestor's background.

Being a COUNCILLOR   might seem rather dull,  but Scottish Burgh and County Council  Minute Books, which go back to the mid 17th century,  give a full description of local affairs and council discussions and can reveal interesting sidelines,  such as the councillor in the 1880's who was petitioning in support of woman's suffrage, long before it was close to becoming a reality. 

 

FARMING
Most  of us can count farmers, shepherds, hinds (farm servant or ploughman), carters and  ag. labs amongst our ancestors, but how to find out more about their lives?  Realistically records on individuals  are likely to focus on  landed gentry and tenant farmers, rather than their workers.  I live in a rural region and my archive centre has a wealth of information that can provide background on estates,  and life in agricultural communities.  For example:

• Advertisements of sale of stock 
• Auction Mart records
• Drawings of farm machinery
• Field name surveys
• Farmers' Club & Pastoral Societies - members lists and minute books
• Individual farm records - day books, account books etc. 
• Postcards of farms and farm workers - with an image below of "bondagers"  from my local community heritage group Auld Earlston.   
• Valuation Roll showing owners, tenants & occupiers of property - very useful in indicating the size of farms & estate, and the type of workers employed. 

Bondagers were female farm workers in south east Scotland and Northumberland.   As part of their husband's contract (or bond) with the farmer, he would undertake to  provide another worker (usually his wife) to help as and when  required. They wore a distinctive dress with bonnet, described as the last remaining peasant costume in Britain.

One of the most significant farming collections held at my local Archive Centre. the Heritage Hub, Hawick,   belongs to the Border Union Agricultural Society, with material dating from 1813,  when the Society was formed.   Included are minute books,  subscription books,  letter books, financial paper and lists of prize winners at the annual show which remains a major event in the local calendar today.  

Here is a record showing that A. S Pringle won prizes in 1876 in the class of "Implements of Husbandry"  for "a self acting horse rake" and "a turnip topping and tailing machine".

MARINERS -   I used the enquiry service of Tyne and Wear Archives who provided me  information on the life of my husband's ancestor, Robert Donaldson   (1801-1876),  a master mariner of South Shields.  “A Dictionary of Tyne Sailing Ships:  a record of merchant sailing ships owned, registered and built at the Port of Tyne 1830-1930”, compiled by Richrd Key  is a complete A-Z of Ships, master mariners and owners, detailing ships, voyages, disasters and share-ownerships, and much more - an indispensable for anyone with maritime ancestors in this region.

The entries make fascinating reading, with all six ships on which Robert Donaldson sailed, having an eventful history and coming to a sad end (though not under his charge).  

Lloyds Captain's' Register provided information on the ships under the command of another mariner ancestor, Matthew Iley White.  His journeys took him to the North Sea ports of Belgium and Holland, to Spain & Portugal, the Mediterranean, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea,and north to the Baltic and the Gulf of Finland.   

[Above right - another ancestral master mariner - John Moffet of South Shields]

MINERS   - my husband's Armitage and Hibbert ancestors were miners in Yorkshire, Derbyshire and County Durham, where the  history of mines, mining and miners  is well documented on the Internet.

The website www.scottishmining.co.uk provided detailed  information when I was researching the Spowart family of Fife.   

An early insight into life in mining areas was given by Robert Franks in his report to the Children's Employment Commission in 1842 who commented  "The domestic condition of the collier population presents a deplorable picture of filth and poverty" .   

He conducted interviews with children including 15 year old Helen Spowart who  was described as  a “putter”, with the task of propelling   a loaded coal-hutch from the coal-face to the pit-bottom by means of a series of shoves or pushes.

The report noted "Began to work in mines when nine years old and has done ever since. Helen added  "It is very coarse, heavy, cloughty work, and I get enough of it, as am never able to do muckle after hours from the fatigue".

POLICEMEN & PRISONERS  -  if your ancestor was a constable or even  on the other side  of the law, police records are a great resource and include mug shot photos of criminals, lists of prisoners, plus constable registers with personal details including a description, service record,  next of kin and family etc.

A long-held family story recollected a lost photograph of a relative in a top hat serving in the River Tyne Police. A silver uniform button (left)  was still held by the family. Tyne & Wear Archives provided some answers, finding that not only Henry,  but also his older brother Matthew Iley White,  were members of the river police force – both with rather a chequered history.

The Nominal Roll of the Tyne River Police showed that Henry, a single man, joined 9^th January 1882.  By the time of his promotion seven months later in July, he was married.  The Police Defaulters Book recorded his misconduct for "assaulting a seaman A. W. Hanson and other irregularities on 11^th June 1889"  Henry was fined 2/6 and transferred to Walker Division at his own expense.  The Nominal Roll of 1904 noted his age as 42 and that he had 22 years of service, with a wage of 29/6. 

With three of my Danson ancestors working as POSTMEN,  I  upgraded my Ancestry subscription, so I could access their Post Office Records.   All I got was a name, date of appointment and place, so I can't really say it added anything to my family story. Also if you are looking for a popular local name, it will be difficult to confirm which is "your" entry.  Still we all consult records in hope of finding something worthwhile!

TEACHERS  -   School Records are the place to look - with Log Books recording daily  school life, and School Board Minute Books and Education Committee Minute Books recording appointments - and dismissals!   Here is an example from a school log book: 

1873 - At Glenholm, Peeblesshire, a school inspector reported "This small school was taught by Mr Grieve in an intelligent, painstaking and efficient manner". We would all love to find such a  testimonial on an ancestor.  

 Archive image courtesy of the Heritage Hub, Hawick 

Occupation Records are  a fascinating example of how family history can take you in so many diverse directions.  So many of these records are not available online, and the message is -  search the online  catalogue of the Archive Centre relevant to your research,  and use their enquiry service if you cannot visit it.

Good luck with your research! 

*************

Genealogy Research in Spain

I’m a thirteenth generation American married to a first generation American.  My husband’s family is from Spain.  He was born in New York City while his father was working at the United Nations.  Not another member of his family was born in the USA, except for our daughter. Learning how to research his genealogy was something completely new to me! 

My husband grinning after finding an ancestor
in the church record books of Sinovas, Burgos, Spain

Working on my husband’s family tree doesn't necessarily mean that we have to physically be in Spain.  Here are several hints for working on Spanish genealogy. 

1.        All family research starts with YOU and then you work your way backwards.  Start with interviewing family members.  We’ve used snail mail (the US Postal service), email, and Skype to ask questions.  This can work with relatives in any foreign country.

A typical Libro de la Familia from Spain

2.     In Spain all families must register their births, marriages, and deaths in a “Libro de la Familia”.  Every family has a copy of this book.  These were started by the Ministerio de Justicia under Francisco Franco, and the practice continues today.  Each book shows the heads of households, marriages, children, etc. It is an invaluable resource.   There are additional pages for other civil registrations, orphans, widows, places of employment, residence changes.  It’s a treasure chest!

3.     From the oral history and the “Libro de la Familia” you will be able to discern where each family unit lived in order to search for church records.  The Catholic Church was the official church for most of Spain’s history, although you might find that some family members belonged to other religions.  Most churches have uninterrupted records back to the 1600s except in cases of wars, such as the Napoleonic Wars in Spain (The Peninsular War 1807 – 1814).  During this time period many church records were lost.

4.       In the case of lost records, don’t despair.  One of my husband’s paternal lines came from the village of Sinovas in the province of Burgos, where the records were destroyed during the Peninsular War.  The Catholic church records after 1814 name the parents and grandparents on the births, marriages and deaths so I was able to still go back another two or three generations to the mid-1700s with these families.

The marriage of Celestino Garcia and Joaquina Munoz, in the village of
Barba de Puerco, Salamanca, Spain 1 December 1877

5.   Many Spanish church records have been microfilmed by the LDS church.  You can find these films online at familysearch.org   If you are lucky these images have been digitized, such as the villages for my husband’s maternal grandmother’s side of the family in Salamanca province.  If not, you can view these films at your local LDS church’s family history library.

6.     After searching church records, other records to use include town histories, tax records, military records and other documents from Spain.  These are sometimes available through Family Search, and also online at the Spanish National Archives website  http://en.www.mcu.es/archivos/MC/AHN/   or the National Library of Spain http://www.bne.es/en/LaBNE/ArchivoWeb/    where you can search by surname, village or topic.

Good luck!  Buena Suerte!

Tracing Scottish Ancestors - A Personal View

Anyone researching Scottish ancestors will probably  be familiar with ScotlandsPeople - the definitive online resource.   I would also like to introduce you to some lesser known national websites and  illustrate the value of local archives centres, which offer remote enquiry and research services to those who cannot visit personally. 

SCOTLANDSPEOPLE -an absolute must if you have Scottish ancestors, as it features digitized images for all but the more recent records.  A pay-as-you-view site it gives access to:

• Statutory  (i.e. post 1855) births, marriages and deaths
• Pre-1855 old parish records
• All the Scottish  census returns 1841-1911 
• Catholic Registers
• Valuation rolls of property 1885,1895, 1905, 1915, 1920  
• Wills & testaments 
• Coat of Arms

A word of warning - a search for index results costs only 1 credit  - the equivalent of 23p.  However clicking on to view the actual record can soon eat up the credits,  5 credit so over £1.15 a click, especially if you are unsure if  you have chosen  the correct entry - or if you are searching a popular surname. 

My tip - if you have a subscription to Ancestry, use this  initially, as its search boxes offer you more options to narrow down the results, especially with census returns.  You will only get a transcription on this site, but can then go into ScotlandsPeople to download the actual record. 

Don't ignore the (free) hidden information under Help & Resources - Research Tools which feature fascinating titbits  including: 

• Medical  terms - useful in understanding causes of death
• Occupations  - over 1500 definitions  e.g. Hind - A married farm servant -  a skilled ploughman with his own cottage, who worked on the land with his wife and family
• Unusual words e.g. "Umquihile" means "late, deceased"  
• Abbreviations used in wills and testaments  
• Weights and measures
• Money 
• The way people lived
• Handwriting help

SCOTLANDSPLACES is a much lesser known  subscription site which features information about Scottish places past and present, searched by county.  Particularly fascinating  are the  rather  obscure historical tax rolls which include digital volumes of: 

• Carriage Tax, 1785-1798, (20 volumes)
• Cart Tax, 1785-1798, (14 volumes)
• Clock and Watch Tax, 1797-1798, (2 volumes)
• Dog Tax, 1797-1798, (2 volumes)
• Farm Horse Tax, 1797-1798, (13 volumes)
• Female Servant Tax, 1785-1792, (28 volumes)
• Hearth Tax, 1691-1695, (43 volumes)
• Horse Tax, 1785-1798, (33 volumes)
• Inhabited House Tax, 1778-1798 (64 volumes)
• Land Tax, 1645-1831, (129 volumes)
• Male Servant Tax, 1777-1798, (27 volumes)
• Shop Tax, 1785-1789, (8 volumes)
• Window Tax, 1748-1798, (218 volumes)

Looking for unique  archive material, beyond the standard family history material? Then explore these other national sites:  

NATIONAL RECORDS OF SCOTLAND - a recent amalgamation of the former National Archives of Scotland  and the General Register Office for Scotland.  NRS holds records relating ot every aspect of Scottish history, including records of the non-established churches  (Episcopalian, Methodists, Catholic, United Presbyterian etc.), also Kirk Session records, records of civil and criminal courts, wills, family and estate papers.  With an online catalgoue and useful guides on topics such as emigration, miltiary records, records of the poor. 

SCOTTISH ARCHIVE NETWORK (SCAN)  - A joint initiative to provide a single electronic catalogue to the holdings of more than 50 Scottish archives, with an ongoing digitization programme. Also features a glossary of the Scots language, and a Scots currency converter.  

I don't find the online catalogues of these two sites the most user-friendly,  but they are an essential resource for researching Scottish local and family history.  Through them, I traced 18th property records relating to my husband's ancestor, merchant Samuel Donaldson of Leith.

NATIONAL REGISTER OF ARCHIVES OF SCOTLAND (NRAS) is a database of private collections registered by the NRAS, some of which are still held privately and others are held by archival institutions. Includes the records of landed estates, private individuals, businesses, law firms and societies.  Note: NRA does not hold records itself, but acts as a signpost to where they are held. Access to the collections is at the discretion of the owners.

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF SCOTLAND - an  online catalogue to books and  manuscripts

reflecting Scotland’s history.    Of particular interest may well be the map collection where you can view online  over 86,000 maps as high-resolution, colour, zoomable images of maps dating from 1560 to 1961. 

BRITISH NEWSPAPERS ONLINE (1710-1953)   on the website www.findmpast.co.uk features many titles of Scottish local and regional newspapers - fully digitized and indexed.  it is well worth having a browsing session to discover the daily lives of your ancestors or to gain a glimpse of major events as seen through the eye of the local community.  I have found entries relating to my very ordinary Danson family. 

Have you found a British ancestor described in a census return as a "pauper"?  
If so, click onto www.workshouses.org.uk  It offers a comprehensive look  at the operation of the poor law, buildings, inmates, staff and administrators and Includes pages with 1881 census return.  A very good portrayal of workhouse life across Britain, including  Scotland.


Was your ancestor a Scottish architect?  
Then take a look at  www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa, a database providing biographical information and job lists for all architects (principals, assistants and apprentices) known to have worked in Scotland 1840-1940.

Are you searching for images to support your family history narrative?  
SCRAN is a charity & online learning resource base with over 370,000 images & media from museums, galleries, and archives. Free use of thumbnail images with other features and tools on subscription

Are you looking for a professional genealogist to undertake research on your behalf?.
Consult ASGRA (Association of Scottish Genealogical Researchers in Archives).   Members are experienced and well qualified professional searchers working personally in Scotland. All have undergone tests of their competence in using a wide variety of sources. They have also agreed to adhere to a strict Code of Practice.


High on your "to do list" should be contacting  the local archive centre relevant to your area of research.  

My local archive centre at the Heritage Hub, Hawick covers the Scottish Borders (old counties of Berwickshire, Peeblesshire, Roxburghshire and Selkirkshire) and promotes itself primarily  on the value of its unique archive sources that are not available anywhere else.  These help family historians go beyond the standard resources of census returns, old parish records, monumental inscriptions etc., many of which can be accessed online. It also offers a remote enquiry and research service to users who cannot visit personally. 

The key to searching these records is often a census entry giving a clue as to occupation or status.    One of the most popular sets of records consulted relate to the  POOR LAW  The Victorians  were great bureaucrats and the Heritage Hub holds a large collection of Poor Law Registers, Poor Relief Applications and Parochial Board Minute Books, many of which can give a mini-biography of an ancestor, in often tragic circumstances. 

Janet Scott's entry in the Jedburgh Union Poorhouse Register, 1877. 
A single mother with  two children and a baby, working as an agricultural  labourer, she  was "wholly disabled by a cart falling on her".  
She was on parish relief for three years.

POLICE RECORDS go back to the 1850's, so if your ancestor was a constable or even  on the other side  of the law,  these are the source to consult  and include mug shot photos of criminals, lists of prisoners, plus constable registers with personal details, including descriptions and record of appointments and transfers. 

Being a Councillor might seem rather dull,  but the BURGH AND COUNTY COUNCIL MINUTE BOOKS, which go back to the mid 17th century, give a full description of local government affairs and discussions and can reveal interesting sidelines such as the councilor in the 1880's who was petitioning in support of woman's suffrage, long before it was close to becoming a reality.

IIf your  ancestor was a teacher, then the SCHOOL RECORDS are the place to look - with Log Books recording daily  school life (though not many personal names feature)  and School Board Minute Books and Education Committee Minute Books recording appointments - and dismissals!  If you are lucky you may get a glowing testimony from an Inspector's Report - as below.

Glenholm School Log Book, 1873 

Was your  male ancestor aged around 20-30 in the period of the Napoleanic Wars (1790's-1815)?  Then he might well appear on the MILITIA LISTS whereby each parish was charged with setting up a volunteer force in the  event of a French invasion.  The lists may give little more than a name, address and occupation but, as with all archives,  there is a fascination in seeing actual handwriting relating to an ancestor, written during his or her lifetime.  They are also particularly noteworthy in pre-dating  the first published census of 1841, so may be  the only record of an ordinary man. 

KIRK SESSION RECORDS of the Church of Scotland - the Kirk Session comprised the minister and elders of the congregation and it was concerned with (in addition to the business of the parish) the morals of the parishioners.  Typically kirk session records contain a detailed and often colourful record of the discipline the minister and kirk elders handed out to errant parishioners for offences such as drunkenness, swearing, breaking the Sabbath, quarrelling and sexual misdemeanors. The records may be particularly valuable in tracing tthe parentage of illegitimate children - the Session would often interrogate any unwed mothers and put strong pressure on them to name the father of their baby.  Sometimes the couple would have to do penance for their "sin of fornication". Other records include proclamations of banns, communion rolls, seat rent books and early poor relief accounts. [Note:  not available at all local archive centres]. 

Records from the Kirk Sessions, the lowest local court of the church. After the reformation of 1560 and the formal break with Rome and Roman Catholicism, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland formed congregations with each having a Kirk Session. The records detailed in the minute books dealt with many areas of everyday life including church non-attendance, sexual matters, bastardy and illegitimacy. They also record payments paid out to individuals and income from individuals. As the Kirk Session, together with the heritors (local landowners), ran the parish expect to find records relating to poor relief, the local school, hospital and alms houses. Therefore expect to find illegitimate births and payments to the poor amongst the papers. In the case of illegitimacy, the records can reveal the name of the child’s father following an exhaustive investigation by the kirk authorities as well as a subsequent baptism and marriage.

It might be possible to find the mention of an event such as a baptism, marriage proclamation or burial amongst the records. For example, an irregular or clandestine marriage that does not appear in the official Old Parish Register might be recorded in the kirk minutes. The minutes might record information regarding a couples proclamation with additional details about the 'cautioners' who were usually male relatives who acted as sponsors for the marriage paying a security to ensure the forthcoming marriage met the correct conditions. The minutes might also note details of the hire of the mortcloth which was used to cover the coffin prior to burial and might be the only reference to a person’s death - See more at: http://www.genguide.co.uk/source/kirkchurch-sessions-scotland/116/#sthash.tdrmNS8J.dpuf

Note:  Date protection restrictions apply to most post-1900 records where personal names are given e.g. school records. 

These are just some of the records available at the Hub (but not online)  and complement the large collection of maps from the early 19th century, old postcards of the region, 23 titles of local newspapers (, with the oldest 1804, and a reference library of  local history books dating from the 19th century.     

Local archive centres across Scotland will offer similar resources and services to the Heritage Hub and contacting "your" centre can contribute so much  to discovering more background on your  Scottish ancestors.   

Good Luck with your research! 

The Heritage Hub, Hawick
www.heartofhawick.co.uk/heritagehub

   

I will be delighted to try and advise anyone who has a query 
regarding their Scottish research  and I will do my best to help. 

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